Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings. These mood swings include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). Understanding this complex disorder is essential for those living with it and their loved ones.

What is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition that causes significant shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks. It affects about 2.8% of the U.S. adult population (National Institute of Mental Health), with the onset typically occurring in late adolescence or early adulthood. The exact cause is unknown, but a combination of genetics, environment, and altered brain structure and chemistry may play a role.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

1. Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by manic episodes lasting at least seven days or by manic symptoms that are severe enough to require immediate hospital care. Depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least two weeks.
2. Bipolar II Disorder: Defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but not the full-blown manic episodes that are typical of Bipolar I Disorder.
3. Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia): Periods of hypomanic symptoms as well as periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years (one year in children and adolescents), but the symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for a hypomanic episode and a depressive episode.
4. Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: Bipolar symptoms that do not match the three categories listed above.

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Mania and Hypomania:

• Increased energy, activity, and restlessness
• Excessively high, overly good, euphoric mood
• Extreme irritability
• Racing thoughts and talking very fast, jumping from one idea to another
• Easily distracted, difficulty concentrating
• Little need for sleep
• Unrealistic beliefs in one’s abilities and powers
• Poor judgment, engaging in risky behaviors

Depressive Episodes:

• Prolonged sadness or unexplained crying spells
• Significant changes in appetite and sleep patterns
• Irritability, anger, worry, agitation, anxiety
• Pessimism, loss of energy, persistent lethargy
• Feelings of guilt and worthlessness
• Inability to concentrate, indecisiveness
• Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex
• Chronic pain or other persistent bodily symptoms not caused by physical illness or injury
• Thoughts of death or suicide

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing bipolar disorder involves a careful assessment by a mental health professional. This typically includes a physical examination, psychiatric assessment, mood charting, and criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

Treatment often involves a combination of medications and psychotherapy. Medications may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotic medications, and antidepressants. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or family-focused therapy, can help individuals manage their symptoms, recognize mood changes, and develop coping strategies.

Living with Bipolar Disorder

Living with bipolar disorder can be challenging, but with the right treatment plan and support system, individuals can lead fulfilling lives. Here are some tips:

1. Follow your treatment plan: Consistency with medications and therapy is crucial.
2. Monitor your moods: Keeping a journal or using a mood tracking app can help identify triggers and early warning signs of mood swings.
3. Maintain a routine: Regular sleep, exercise, and eating habits can stabilize mood.
4. Build a support network: Connect with family, friends, or support groups who understand and support your journey.
5. Educate yourself and others: Understanding the disorder can reduce stigma and improve relationships.

Conclusion

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition that requires ongoing management. With proper treatment and support, individuals with bipolar disorder can achieve stability and lead productive, fulfilling lives. If you or someone you know is struggling with bipolar disorder, seek professional help. Remember, you are not alone, and there is hope and help available.

For more information and resources, visit mental health organizations such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) or the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA).

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Written by:

Owner & Executive Director

Dr. Stacy Louk Walker, LMHC, QS, NCC, RYT